Enter reactant names to look up compounds via PubChem and predict products of common reactions (combustion, acid-base) with a balanced equation.
Calculate the molar mass of a compound from its chemical formula (e.g. H2O, NaCl).
Solve for molarity, solute mass, or solution volume from the other two values.
Calculate dilution using the C1V1 = C2V2 formula. Solve for any variable.
Calculate percent concentration (w/w, w/v, v/v) of a solution.
Browse all 118 elements. Click for atomic weight, electron shells, density, melting & boiling point, and electronegativity. Temperature slider & property heatmap.
Convert between metric units for mass (g, mg, μg, ng), volume (L, mL, μL), and concentration (M, mM, μM, nM).
Convert between mg/mL and mM (molar concentration) using molar mass.
Parse a chemical formula and view element composition, atom counts, and mass contributions.
Balance a chemical equation automatically. Find stoichiometric coefficients (e.g. H2 + O2 -> H2O).
Calculate pH from [H⁺], or from pKa for weak acids and buffers (Henderson-Hasselbalch).
Design a buffer solution using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Compute the [A⁻]/[HA] ratio, concentrations, moles, and masses.
Convert between centrifuge RPM and relative centrifugal force (RCF, × g) using the rotor radius.
Solve A = ε · c · l for whichever quantity is missing, convert to transmittance, and find how far to dilute into range.
Calculate concentration at each step of a serial dilution. Supports dilution factor and step count, with optional per-step volume.
Calculate reactant and product moles and masses from a balanced chemical equation — enter coefficients and formulas, then specify one known mass.
Determine the empirical formula of a compound from elemental mass percentages. Converts each element to moles and simplifies to the smallest whole-number ratio.
Determine the molecular formula from an empirical formula and molar mass. Calculates the integer multiplier and the full molecular formula.
Calculate density (ρ = m/V), mass, or volume from the other two values. Supports any combination of known and unknown variables.
Convert solubility units between g/L, mg/mL, mol/L, ppm and more, with mass-to-molar conversion by molecular weight.
Solve the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation for pH, pKa or the conjugate base/acid ratio.
Simulate strong- and weak-acid titrations with a strong base — plot the pH curve and find the equivalence point.
Enter a SMILES string to get the molecular formula and molar mass, with implicit hydrogen handling.
Calculate the pH and species distribution of a polyprotic acid (phosphoric, citric, EDTA, amino acids) from its pKa values, with a titration curve.
Solve reversible reaction equilibria with an ICE table and reaction extent from K, plus solubility and Ksp with the common-ion effect.
Compute the isotope pattern, monoisotopic and average mass of a formula for mass spectrometry, including M+1 and M+2 peaks for C, Cl, Br and S.
Compute theoretical density from unit cell parameters, formula weight and Z.
Convert a target product mass into precursor weighing amounts by molar ratio.
Convert between d-spacing and 2-theta, or index peaks of a cubic unit cell.
Turn XRD peak width into crystallite size, with instrumental broadening correction and Williamson-Hall strain separation.
Assign hkl to a cubic powder pattern, refine the lattice parameter, and find the reflections that should be there but are not.
Turn thermogravimetric steps into per-step mass loss and final residue.
Fit a nitrogen isotherm to the BET equation, check the pressure window, and get surface area plus equivalent particle diameter.
Melting enthalpy to degree of crystallinity, with cold crystallisation subtracted and filler loading corrected.
Compute D10, D50, D90, mean and span from a particle size distribution.
Relate areal capacity, loading, coating thickness and N/P ratio for battery electrodes.
Theoretical mAh/g from a chemical formula and its electron count, with element mass fractions and specific energy.
Calculate the mass of solid to weigh, or the stock volume and diluent needed, to prepare a solution of a target concentration and volume.
Scale PBS, TAE, TBS, TE, SSC, HEPES and Tris stock recipes to any final volume, for 1× working solution or undiluted stock.
Solve the ideal gas equation for pressure, volume, moles or temperature, and compute colligative properties including boiling point, freezing point and osmotic pressure.
Calculate heat from calorimetry, reaction enthalpy with Hess's law, and Gibbs free energy with the equilibrium constant.
Apply the Nernst equation to a cell potential and use Faraday's laws to convert current and time into deposited mass.
Use the Arrhenius equation for rate constants and activation energy, and calculate reaction rate and half-life from the rate law.
Predict VSEPR molecular geometry, hybridization, bond angles and polarity from bonded atoms and lone pairs, and calculate formal charge.
Compute the reverse complement of a DNA sequence (A↔T, C↔G) instantly.
Calculate the GC content percentage and base composition of a DNA sequence.
Count the occurrence of each nucleotide (A, T, C, G) in a DNA sequence.
Clean a DNA sequence by removing whitespace, numbers, and non-standard characters.
Transcribe a DNA sequence into RNA by replacing thymine with uracil (T→U).
Find open reading frames (ORFs) in a DNA sequence across all 6 reading frames, from start (ATG) to stop codon.
Recommend agarose gel percentage by DNA size and calculate agarose powder and buffer volumes for gel preparation.
Plot GC percentage along a DNA sequence with a sliding window to spot GC-rich and AT-rich regions.
Compare two DNA sequences with a dot plot and Smith-Waterman local alignment, showing score and identity.
Edit the protein encoded by a CDS and get back a minimally changed DNA sequence, with every base change labelled.
Translate a DNA sequence into a protein using the standard genetic code, with all 6 reading frames and stop codon detection.
Calculate the molecular weight of a protein from its amino acid sequence (1-letter or 3-letter codes).
Browse the standard genetic code table — all 64 DNA and RNA codons mapped to amino acids, with 1-letter and 3-letter codes.
Calculate the isoelectric point (pI) of a protein from its amino acid sequence, with net charge at pH 7 and charged residue counts.
Analyze the amino acid composition of a protein — count, percentage, and mass contribution of each residue.
Predict transmembrane helices, hydropathy, signal peptides, coiled-coils and common motifs from an amino acid sequence.
Fit Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Lineweaver-Burk plot — estimate Vmax and Km from substrate-rate data.
Analyze a PDB, mmCIF or FASTA file: chains, sequences, secondary structure, molecular weight, pI and a hydrophobicity profile.
Cell counting (hemocytometer), seeding volume, split ratio, and viability — common cell culture calculations.
Calculate cell seeding density by culture vessel area — compute total cells, stock volume, and diluent volume for any plate or flask.
Work out doubling time, number of doublings and specific growth rate from two cell counts, then project cell numbers over 24 to 120 hours.
Calculate how much FBS and how much of each supplement to add to a final medium volume, and how much basal medium is left over.
Calculate CFU/mL and plating efficiency from colony counts, and back-solve how many cells to seed for a target colony number.
Upload a GenBank/FASTA plasmid, draw a circular map, annotate restriction sites, and export PNG/SVG.
Check homology arms and assemble multiple DNA fragments into one sequence.
Check 4 nt overhang compatibility and assemble Type IIs parts in one pot.
Design 15 bp homology arms and assemble fragments by homologous recombination.
Locate attB sites on vector and insert and generate the expression clone.
Plan Seamless Ligation Cloning Extract reactions with 25 bp homology arms.
Simulate TA and TOPO cloning of a PCR product into a linear vector.
Design primers for point mutations, insertions and deletions in one step.
Predict every amplicon a primer pair can produce on your template.
Fuse two fragments by SOE PCR and check the overlap before you order primers.
Find restriction sites in a sequence and simulate single or double digests with fragment sizes.
Search restriction enzymes by recognition site, overhang, buffer, methylation sensitivity and supplier.
Find SpCas9 target sites with PAM, GC content and an on-target quality score.
Reverse-translate a protein into DNA using host codon usage, or optimize an existing CDS.
Add or remove restriction sites without changing the encoded protein sequence.
Open Sanger .ab1 trace files in your browser and read called bases with quality values.
Design PCR primer pairs from a template and a target region, with Tm, GC content and product size for each pair.
Calculate primer melting temperature (Tm) using the Wallace rule and salt-adjusted formula, with GC content and length.
Check a primer for hairpins and dimers, and scan a template for off-target binding sites with mismatch tolerance.
Calculate oligo molecular weight, GC content and extinction coefficient, plus the water volume that gives a 100 µM stock.
PCR helper calculator — estimate annealing temperature, extension time, product mass, and amplification fold from cycle count.
Fit a 4-parameter logistic curve to dose-response data and solve IC50 or EC50.
Fit a qPCR standard curve from your Cq values and read off amplification efficiency, slope, R² and ΔCq — then back-calculate an unknown sample's template quantity.
Convert DNA mass to molecule copy number (and back) from template length, with a quick-reference table for amplicons, plasmids, E. coli and human genome templates.
Build a BCA or Bradford standard curve, interpolate sample absorbance to protein concentration, and correct for the dilution factor.
Convert between U, mU, nkat, µkat and katal, or compute activity from an absorbance rate using extinction coefficient, path length and protein concentration.
Summarise data with mean, SD, SEM and 95% CI, or run Welch's t-test, a paired t-test and one-way ANOVA with exact p values.
Convert A260, A280 and A230 readings into DNA or RNA concentration, total yield, purity ratios and pmol/µL.
